Media Storage培養基存儲

It is prudent to consider how the manufacturer or supplier transports and stores media before distribution to the end user.Manufacturers of media should use transport and storage conditions that minimize the loss of moisture, control the temperature, prevent microbial contamination, and provide mechanical protection to the prepared media.

培養基的生產商或供應商在培養基銷售給最終用戶前的運輸和存儲方式是需要慎重考慮的。培養基生產商所采用的運輸和存儲條件應最大程度降低水份損失、保證溫度的控制、防止微生物污染，提供對已制備培養基的物理保護。

Media should be labeled properly with batch or lot numbers, preparation and expiration dates, and media identification.Media should be stored according to the manufacturer's instructions. Media prepared in house should be stored under validated conditions. Do not store agar at or below 0°, as freezing could damage the gel structure. Protect stored media from exposure to light and excessive temperature. Before prolonged storage, agar plates should be placed into a sealed package or container to retard moisture loss.

培養基應標記批號，制備時間和有效期，以及培養基識別信息。培養基應根據生產商說明進行存儲。公司自己制備的培養基應在經過驗證的條件下存儲，不要將瓊脂培養基存儲在等于或低于0℃條件下，因為結凍可能對膠質結構造成損傷。存儲期間培養基應避光，避免超溫。如果需要長期存儲，瓊脂平板應放在密封的包裝或容器中以減少水份損失。

Remelting of an original container of solid media should be performed only once to avoid media whose quality is compromised by overheating or potential contamination. It is recommended that remelting be performed in a heated water bath or by using free-flowing steam. The use of microwave ovens and heating plates is common, but care should be taken to avoid damaging media by overheating and to avoid the potential injury to laboratory personnel from glass breakage and burns. The molten agar medium should be held in a monitored water bath at a temperature of 45° to 50° for not more than 8 hours. Caution should be taken when pouring the media from a container immersed in a water bath to prevent water from the bath commingling with the poured sterile media. Wiping the exterior of the container dry before pouring may be advisable.

固體培養基只能再融化一次，以避免培養基由于過熱或潛在污染造成質量問題。建議在熱水浴中或使用自由流動蒸汽融化培養基。使用微波爐和加熱盤也是常見的，但需要注意避免因為過熱造成培養基損傷，避免因玻璃儀器破裂和燒傷引起化驗室人員受傷。熔化的培養基在40~45℃水浴中存放不超過8h。將培養基從浸在水浴中的容器中倒出時要特別注意，避免水浴用水混入倒出的無菌培養基中。最好在將容器從水浴中取出后、傾倒前，將容器外表面擦干。

Disposal of used cultured media (as well as expired media) should follow local biological hazard safety procedures.

使用過的培養基處理（和過期的培養基）需要按照生物危害安全程序處理。

Quality Control Testing質量控制檢測

Although growth media can be prepared in a laboratory from individual components, many laboratories, for ease of use, use dehydrated media or purchase commercially prepared media in plastic plates or glass containers. Manufacturers of media attempt to standardize raw materials from biological sources, but must constantly deal with unavoidable differences in raw materials obtained from natural sources, and therefore, lot-to-lot variability of media must be considered. In addition, the performance of media prepared in a laboratory or by a manufacturer is highly dependent on preparation and storage conditions.Improper media preparation can cause unsatisfactory conditions for microbial growth or recovery and unreliable results.

雖然培養基可以采用各組份配制而成，但許多化驗室為了方便，采用培養基干粉或采購商業制備的成品培養基。培養基生產商會盡量采用同一生物來源的原料，但這些原料不可避免會有差異，因此需要考慮到培養基批次之間的差異。另外化驗室制備的或者生產商制備的培養基的性能很大程度上取決于制備條件和存儲條件。培養基制備不當會導致微生物生長或恢復不理想，從而導致不可靠的結果。

Therefore, quality control tests should be performed on all prepared media, including media associated with swabs or media in strips and other nontraditional formats. Tests routinely performed on in-house prepared media should include pH, growth promotion, inhibition, and indicative properties (as appropriate), and periodic stability checks to confirm the expiration dating.

因此，需要對所有制備的培養基進行質量控制檢測，包括與擦拭棉簽相關的培養基、條狀培養基和其他非傳統方式培養基。一般公司自制培養基檢測應包括pH值、促生長試驗、抑制試驗和指示特性試驗（如需要），并進行定期穩定性檢查以確認有效期。

When in-house prepared microbiological media are properly prepared and sterilized using a validated method, the growthpromotion testing may be limited to each incoming lot of dehydrated media, unless otherwise instructed by the relevant compendial method. If the media preparation procedure was not validated, then every batch of media should be subjected to growth-promotion testing. Test organisms may be selected from the appropriate compendial test chapter. In addition, microorganisms used in growth-promotion testing may be based on the manufacturer's recommendation for a particular medium, or may include representative environmental isolates (but these latter are not to be construed as compendial requirements).

如果公司采用經過驗證的方法進行培養基制備和滅菌，則促生長試驗可以是只針對購入的每個培養基干粉批次，除非相關藥典方法另有要求。如果培養基制備程序未經驗證，則所制備的每批培養基均需要進行促生長試驗。檢驗用菌種可以從藥典相應的檢測章節中選擇。另外，用于培養基促生長試驗的菌株可以采用生產商推薦的品種，或包括有代表性的環境隔離物（但后者不構成藥典要求的內容）。

Expiration dates on media should have supporting growth-promotion testing to indicate that the performance of the media still meets acceptance criteria up to and including the expiration date. The length of shelf life of a batch of media will depend on the stability of the ingredients and formulation under specified conditions, as well as the type of container and closure.

培養基的有效期應有促生長試驗支持，在培養基有效期內及到有效期時，該培養基應仍符合可接受標準。一批培養基有效期的長短取決于各成份和配方在規定條件下的穩定性，以及容器和密封的形式。

When a batch of media does not meet the requirements of growth-promotion testing, an investigation should be initiated to identify the cause. This investigation should include a corrective action plan to prevent the recurrence of the problem. Any batch of media that fails growth-promotion testing is unsuitable for use. [NOTE—Failed growth-promotion test results may not be used to negate positive test results.]

如果培養基的促生長試驗失敗，則應啟動調查程序尋找原因。該調查程序應包括糾正措施以防止相同問題重復發生。所有促生長試驗失敗的培養基不得用于檢測。注：促生長試驗失敗可能會導致陽性檢測為陰性。

Some reagents are used for diagnostic purposes to help support identification of microbial organisms, e.g., Gram stain and oxidase test reagents. These may have attributes that can be quality control tested similar to microbiological media. Select the correct quality control standard microorganisms, following the manufacturer's instructions, and perform the testing before unknown sample diagnostic testing. All relevant diagnostic reagents should be subjected to incoming quality confirmation before use.

有些試劑盒用于鑒別微生物種類，例如革蘭氏染色和氧化酶檢測試劑。這些試劑具有與微生物培養基類似的進行質量控制測試的特性。選擇正確的質量控制標準微生物，按照生產商指示，在未知樣品診斷檢測前進行測試。所有相關的試劑盒均進行進廠質量確認才可使用。

Special care should be taken with media that is used in sterility tests (see Sterility Tests á71ñ for requirements) and in environmental monitoring studies. Media used for environmental monitoring of critical areas should preferably be double-wrapped and terminally sterilized. If terminal sterilization is not performed, media should be subjected to 100% pre-incubation and inspection before use within a critical area. [NOTE—Growth-promotion testing for this media must be performed after the preincubation stage.] This will prevent extraneous contamination from being carried into controlled environments and will prevent false-positive results. A raised agar level for surface contact plates should be verified.

用于無菌檢測（見71無菌檢測）和環境監控的培養基需要特別注意。用于關鍵區域環境監控的培養基最好雙層2，并采用最終滅菌方式。如果無法進行最終滅菌，則在使用前應進行100%預培養并檢查（注：該培養基的促生長試驗必須在預培養階段后進行）。這樣能防止由于攜入受控制環境中所產生的額外污染，防止假陽性結果。接觸碟培養基厚度應進行確認。

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